The Basic For Correctional Rehabilitation Facilities

Lisa Mooring Southern New Hampshire University Jus 600 Paradigm Shift Short Paper 1.2 Paradigm Shift The basic for correctional reforms from punitive approaches to behavior change has become obvious in correctional facilities. Correctional facilities are used to deter recurrence of criminal behavior by people but this does not always work. Many people feel that the reason that the prison system is failing because of the luxury of prisons, TV, internet, free food and a place to live. This is more than some people would get if they were not in the prison system and this is why many do not care if they go back. Today many prisons are a revolving door. It is not hard to believe that out of 10 inmates that are release 6 will return to the prison system within the first three years of their release. In hope of a more useful approach the focus is now being made on rehabilitation. Rehabilitation instead of prison has been on the rise along as rehabilitation in exchange for shorter sentences. This paradigm shift raises a challenge in how courts are sentencing criminals. The g oal of rehabilitation is the decrease the number of criminal in the prison system. In the early fore of rehabilitation it applied mainly to youths. It was not until the 1930 that the United States started working with adult and it was not until the mid-1900s when the prisons started to overflow with inmates that rehabilitation took off. People have argued whether or not rehabilitation really works.Show MoreRelatedCorrections Trend Evaluation Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Throughout the United States, there are many correctional facilities that house thousands of inmates. Individuals who work within these facilities have a tough job in maintaining the prison facility and the inmates. Correctional officers are called the front line workers and are responsible for looking after the inmates. The officers who work for the correctional facility deal with issues that may arise inside and outside of the facility. The subject to discuss is to evaluate the past, presentRead MoreRehabilitation Is Essential For Human Life1669 Words   |  7 Pages Rehabilitation is essential to human life. It is about a combination of skillful tactics that intend to restore normalcy in an individual after an occurrence. This process is dynamic depending on the reason why an individual is being rehabilitated. Rehabilitation can occur subsequent to a variety of events including injuries, disease, drug abuse and crime related cases. This paper concentrates on rehabilitation in cor rections. Most of the people who are in correctional facilities might have beenRead MoreThe Difference Between Male And Female Penal Institutions754 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Issues: The difference between male and female penal institutions Review of Subject Prison classification is an important process in the U.S. correctional system and community corrections. Every state utilizes different types of classification instruments or methods to classify their inmates. Penal institutions in the U.S. have evolved tremendously in terms of procedures, decisions and classification. Studies from Clear et al. (2013) indicate that offenders in the United States, which consistedRead MoreStrategic Plan II : Budgeting The Future Of Corrections1219 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Plan II: Budgeting the Future of Corrections The Significance of Budgeting for the Future of the Correctional System The life blood of every correctional system is its budget. In order to plan for future budget needs, the Commissioner must be able to project future priorities for the correctional systems over the next decade. MISSION To protect and serve the states communities and correctional institutions by providing a detailed and highly accurate fiscal budget forecasting future needs, requirementsRead MoreStructure of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) has traditionally operated under a function organization structure within state government that clearly separated services provided into two primary categories: prisons and parole services with both categories reporting to the agency Director. An organization structure based on functions provides a clear direction for job requirements, allows the opportunity for staff to become experts in their field of assignment, which increases productivityRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Correctional System1483 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Correctional System Nicholas Russo CJC 3010 10/20/2014 Throughout history, there has been many different methods for corrections. Looking back over time, you can see how the correctional system has evolved from the harsh, brutal, inhumane ways of the 16th century, to the rehabilitation methods of today. In the correctional system, there are different types of correctional facilities, various custody levels, and a time where it all started. The United States correctional systemRead MorePrison Corrections1450 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to working in a correctional facility, Samuel Cowey states, â€Å"I firmly believe that you must have a good sense of humor to do this job. If you don’t it will lead to an early grave from stress† (Cowey, 2012). This statement is true from the highest position of authority to the lowest position. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) houses juveniles and adults that have been convicted to state prison and provides programs and services during their incarcerationRead MoreThe Effects Of Prison Facilities On The United States Correctional Facilities1518 Words   |  7 PagesCorrectional facilities have been gradually changing over time. The introduction of education is one of the advantages that come from the modern day prisons. Many prisoners are now able to read and earn educational accolades which in prison. Such people as this paper ha s found out fit better after their jail term in the society. There are thus programs set aside in order to help prisoners gain special skills which help them to secure jobs after their sentence. Those who gain these skills in prisonRead MoreCorrectional Facilities And The Correctional Facility1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The correctional facilities in the United States of America are composed of operators that own or manage correctional facilities and halfway houses. Correctional facilities serve to confine and rehabilitate prisoners and may be classified as minimum, medium or maximum security facilities. The prisoners contained in the facilities may participate in educational and vocational programs as well as in paid programs or work release programs through the industry. Correctional facilities are subjectRead MoreRehabilitation Paper1578 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses have been created to form the rehabilitation process of criminal justice. This process has reached out to many offenders and their families by allowing them to return to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation has many different process, but most, if not all have been proven successful in returning offenders to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation is defined as a return to a previous form. In criminal justice, rehabilitation is referred as a designed attempt to

Military Culture - 2008 Words

The Veteran Culture Mikaela Barnett Chaltas School of Professional Counseling Lindsey Wilson College Author Note Mikaela Barnett Chaltas, The School of Professional Counseling, Lindsey Wilson College. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mikaela Barnett Chaltas, Ashland, Kentucky campus. Email: mikaela_barnett@yahoo.com Abstract The ever changing and evolving culture of Veterans is reviewed and discussed in this paper. This paper has five main parts which include: description of the culture, historical information, stereotypes, important values and beliefs, and counseling approaches. Keywords: veterans, culture, stereotypes, values, beliefs,†¦show more content†¦Many veterans are likely to suffer from Depression, Substance Abuse and/or Dependence, various phobias, sleeplessness, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Palmer, 2011). Some Veterans also have physical disabilities from combat wounds and it isn’t unlikely to manage such pains with pharmaceuticals that also lead to addiction. The stigma that permeates the military culture surrounding mental health and the ability to adjust to any condition within the military is always present, often making seeking treatment taboo (Jarvis, 2009). Historical Information The United States Military was established in 1775, which coincided with the Revolutionary War. In 1776, the government boosted enlistments into the military for the Revolutionary War by providing pensions to disabled soldiers. In 1789, the Department of War was established, which would later be renamed the Department of Defense in 1949 (www.defense.gov/about/). The establishment of the military brought on the development of the veteran culture. As stated before, Veterans span many cultures and generations (Hobbs, 2008). The Veterans still alive today have served in the most recent wars being; World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq-Desert Storm, Iraq-Operation Freedom, and Afghanistan. Many older generations of Veterans have expressed their understanding of the younger veterans returning home from war and seem familiar with the problems they face (Hobbs, 2008). Simply speaking, theShow MoreRelatedMilitary Culture And The Military1386 Words   |  6 Pagestransformed the military from the old force which was seen to focus only on winning battles with out caring much about their forces to the highly skilled force it is today that is all rounded. In order to comprehend the changes in the military there is need for understanding the military culture. Like any other culture, military culture has evolved from unorganized forms of administration and organization to the current modern force it is today. There are different viewpoints on military culture and understandingRead MoreMilitary Culture6972 Words   |  28 PagesTHEME Culture of a nation is manifested and influenced by a number of factors. National psyche and traits being the most pronounced ones. Military culture , to a certain extent , is in harmony with the national culture, however, it has its own impulses and dynamics. It incorporates obedience that curtails individual freedom or at times it may be at tangent with the socio-cultural values of a society ; Military culture of British – Indian Army ,as inherited by us is a case in point here. PhilosophyRead MoreGermany s Distinguishable Military Culture867 Words   |  4 PagesGermany’s distinguishable military culture is marked by the imperative to succeed and extremism. Their position in Belgium and The Great War began with the aristocracy being threatened, and ended with Germany overestimating their strategy. Reliance on tactic and luck rather than strategy proves to be the country’s Achilles heel once they encounter Belgium resistance. The strong characteristics of Germ any’s style bleed through their actions across Belgium and shaped how countries perceived GermanyRead MoreThe Effects Of Russian Culture On Military Operations1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Russian Culture on Military Operations in That Region Introduction Understanding a country’s culture as it pertains to military operations is highly important in the modern era. Dictionary.com defines culture as â€Å"the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group†. There are many examples throughout history that show the negative consequences of ignoring or misunderstanding the cultures of other countries. The most recent example is our long sustainedRead MoreAmerican Military Culture : The American Army935 Words   |  4 PagesIV. American Military Culture The American Army s history, composition, and structure predisposed the leadership to a rigid fixation on conventional warfare. In contrast to the British army-as-force-projection model, the American Army found its first task a matter of national survival. This historical trend - the continued perception of the Army fighting a war of annihilation - helped in many ways to keep the Army purely focused on its military objectives. Unconditional surrender was the nameRead MoreMilitary Veterans And Military Culture And How Does It Affect The Therapeutic Alliance?1929 Words   |  8 Pages Do Military Veterans Feel that Civilian Psychologists are Competent in Military Culture and How does this Affect the Therapeutic Alliance? Jacklyn Carney Adler University Do Military Veterans Feel that Civilian Psychologists are Competent in Military Culture and How does this Affect the Therapeutic Alliance? Introduction According to the National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics (2014), there are currently an estimated 19.4 million veterans, ofRead MoreChin Culture, Economic, Political, Military Perspective1060 Words   |  5 PagesChina: culture, economic, political, military perspective Class 13D 003-17 SGT Moreno, Adam Introduction China is a nation in East Asia whose vast landscape covers grassland, desert, mountains, lakes, rivers and more than 14,000km (8699.1967mi) of coastline. China borders 14 different countries; Afghanistan, Pakistan, Vietnam, North Korea, Russia, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal, Laos, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and India (Kallie Szczepanski). The capital Beijing mixes modernRead MoreThe Shape of the American Military, Technology, Culture Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesby the United States Military. Naturally, a significant amount of Mahnken’s book places a heavy emphasis on technologies and systems developed during the Cold War. The book could almost be examined as a complete history of the development of military technology during that period, however, the author has a much more significant purpose for his work than to just educate the reader on military history. Mahnken says, â€Å"This book is about the interaction of technology and culture in the context of theR ead MoreImpact of Irish Culture on U.S. Military Operations3270 Words   |  14 PagesUnderstanding the ideology of a nation’s way of life is fundamental to successful military operations. Ireland has endured fighting, famine, and struggle for centuries, making the people of Ireland both tough and rugged. Era after era of invasions of Ireland created a culture that is resilient, comprehends survival, and fully understands guerrilla warfare. 1. The meaning of culture. 2. Major characteristics that define Irish culture. a) Geographic location, background/origin, and religion b) InfrastructureRead MoreMacedonian Culture And Greek Culture1442 Words   |  6 Pages Macedonian culture is significantly similar to the Greek culture. Certainly, both of those cultures are not identical; they do have differences, yet by looking at the women’s independent role and freedom among the society and the military success of those cultures, it is clear that both of them resemble. For instance, Alexander the Great thought that he was a descendant of a Greek God and always wanted to show how Greek he was. This might be the reason why the Macedonian culture is very similar

Muscle Disease Free Essays

Amanda Fallon Professor Jed Wolfson Anatomy and Physiology 1 October 27, 2011 Rhabdomyolysis: Disease of Muscular Breakdown Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged muscle tissues resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents into the bloodstream (Patel M. D. ). We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now This disease occurs when there is damage to the skeletal muscle. The breakdown products of damaged muscle cells, such as myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and frequently result in kidney damage or even kidney failure. The severity of the symptoms depends on the degree of muscle damage and the degree of the kidney damage, if any. The primary muscle damage can be caused by physical damage, medications, drug abuse and some infections. Some patients may have a higher risk of rhabdomyolsis because of a hereditary muscle condition that is already present. There are many causes of rhabdomyolysis. One of the most common causes of this disease is a crush accident, such as an auto accident. Long lasting muscle compression is also another cause of rhabdomyolysis. Long lasting muscle compression derives from â€Å"lying unconscious on a hard surface during an illness or while under the influence of drugs or alcohol â€Å"(Chang M. D. ). An untrained athlete can also get this disease from severe muscle strain where the muscle becomes damaged. Significant muscle injury can cause fluid and electrolyte shifts from the bloodstream into the damaged muscle cells, and in the opposite direction (eMedicineHealth). Other causes of rhabdomyolysis are electrical shock, very high body temperature (hyperthermia) or heat stroke, diseases of the muscular system such as â€Å"congenital muscle enzyme deficiency or Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy† (Chang M. D. ). Signs and symptoms of this disease may be hard to pinpoint because the course of the disease varies depending on the cause and each patient may experience different symptoms. Complications of this disease may also be present in the early stages as well as in the later stages. The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis come from the medical history of the patient. The patient may experience painful swollen bruised or tender areas of the body. Muscle weakness may also be experienced by the patient, such as difficulty moving the arms or the legs. Nausea, vomiting and a general sense of illness can be experienced by the patient. The rise in body temperature (hyperthermia) may cause confusion, dehydration, and even a lack of consciousness if not treated. The signs of rhabdomyolysis come from the physical findings of an examination done by a doctor or a healthcare provider. Less severe forms of rhabdomyolysis may not cause any symptoms or signs, and the diagnosis can only be found in abnormal blood tests. The urine, as seen in the photo to the right, may be dark, often described as â€Å"tea-colored†, due to the presence of myoglobin in the urine. Damage to the kidneys can occur due to decreased or absent urine production, usually 12 to 24 hours after the initial muscle damage (Patel M. D. ). A second recognized complication is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a severe disruption in blood clotting that may lead to uncontrollable bleeding (Warren M. D. ). Muscle biopsies can be useful if an episode of rhabdomyolysis is thought to be the result of an underlying muscle disorder. A biopsy sample taken during an episode is often uninformative, as it will show only evidence of cell death or may appear normal (eMedicineHealth). Taking the sample can be delayed for several weeks or even months. The histopathological appearance on the biopsy indicates the nature of the underlying disorder (eMedicineHealth). Biopsy sites may be identified by medical imaging, such as using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as the muscles may not be equally affected by this disease. Early laboratory findings include increased levels of myoglobin, potassium, urea, and phosphorus found in blood levels. An â€Å"anion gap metabolic acidosis† could progress because of release of acids from damaged muscle tissue (Patel M. D. ). Myoglobin testing would be the best indication and the diagnostic basis because an increase of myoglobin usually will not occur in the absence of rhabdomyolysis. Diagnostic tests for urine myoglobin are often not easily available, and it may take more than 24 hours for the physician to get the results of the test. However, a typical urine screening for rhabdomyolysis may be performed as long as the urine sediment is examined as well. Complications of rhabdomyolysis also include disseminated intravascular coagulation, a condition that occurs when small blood clots begin forming in the body’s blood vessels (eMedicineHealth). These clots ingest all the clotting factors and platelets in the body, and bleeding begins suddenly. When muscles are damaged swelling within the muscle can occur, causing what is called compartment syndrome. If this occurs in an area where the muscle is bound by fascia, a tough fibrous tissue, the pressure inside the muscle compartment can increase to the point at which blood supply to the muscle is compromised and muscle cells begin to die. Rhabdomyolysis is treatable and patients may recover quickly if the disease is caught in the early stages. The main goal of treatment is to prevent kidney damage or to prevent any further kidney damage. However, if left untreated, acute kidney failure develops in 30-40% of patients (Ritz). Early and aggressive hydration may prevent difficulties from this disease by rapidly removing the myoglobin from the kidneys. Hydration of the body may include using several liters of intravenous fluids until the condition is stabilized. Diuretics can also help with removing the iron-containing pigment out of the kidneys. If the patient produces an acceptable amount of urine a doctor may administer bicarbonate, which can prevent the myoglobin from breaking down into toxic compounds within the kidney (Warren M. D. ). Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are not able to filter and process waste from the body. If the disease progresses enough and kidney failure occurs then the patient may have to undergo dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that takes the blood out of the body and sends it into a machine, as seen in the picture to the left. The machine filters the waste products from the blood. In severe cases of kidney or renal failure a kidney transplant may be required. If the case of rhabdomyolysis is mild it can be treated at home. The home treatment would include lots of rest and sufficient hydration by drinking plenty of fluids. The overall prognosis of rhabdomyolysis is pretty good as long as it is diagnosed and treated promptly. If the instance of this disease is not severe then the patient may only have to be in the hospital for a short time period for rehydration with IV fluids and lots of rest so the muscles can recover. Acute kidney failure occurs in many of the patients. Rhabdomyolysis is the cause for as many as 15% of patients with kidney failure (eMedicineHealth). While the mortality rate for this disease is approximately 5% (eMedicineHealth). The risk of death caused by this disease depends mainly on the primary health of the patient, the amount of muscle damage that has been caused and any other associated injuries. If kidney failure occurs, the mortality rate can increase to 20% (eMedicineHealth). Rhabdomyolysis can be prevented in almost all cases. Exercise programs and routines need to be thoughtfully planned to prevent any kind of injury and to lower the risk of getting rhabdomyolysis. This includes avoiding exercising in extreme heat conditions and drinking a sufficient amount of fluids. Both these situations can lead to dehydration, which increases the risk of muscle damage. Also, the risk of rhabdomyolysis exists highly for patients taking statin and fibrate medications for high cholesterol control. Information is often provided to these patients to be aware of the symptoms of this disease and the information should be read carefully and thoroughly. In conclusion, this is a disease of the muscular system that could affect anyone in their lifetime. This disease is more common than what I had originally thought. Although it is easily treatable, it can be a very dangerous and painful disease. I am glad that I researched rhabdomyolysis because I have learned what can happen and what to do if I ever experience any of the symptoms. I have also learned the consequences of not training properly for exercise. In doing this research paper I have learned about a disease that I may see affect people in my career as a physical therapist. Bibliography Chang M. D. , Louise. WebMD. 13 September 2010. 22 October 2011 . eMedicineHealth. Rhabdomyolysis (Cont. ). 2011. 30 October 2011 . Patel M. D. , Parul. U. S. National Library of Medicine. 13 August 2009. 21 October 2011 . Ritz, Eberhard. â€Å"Disease of the Month: Rhabdmyolysis. † Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2000): 1553-1561. Warren M. D. , JD. â€Å"Rhabdomyolysis: a review. † Muscle and Nerve (2002): 32-47. How to cite Muscle Disease, Papers

Advance Energy Meter Essay Example For Students

Advance Energy Meter Essay A PAPER PRESENTATION ON ADVANCED ENERGY METER BY Mr. Ashish s. Khachane Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology Reseach ,Badnera â€Å"ADVANCED ENERGY METER† ABSTRACT Science is the study of the world as it is. Engineering is the creation of the world tomorrow Science is basically passive observation of the universe as it exists to generate knowledge. Engineering is making use of that knowledge to meet human needs by creating machine, systems, process and technologies that have not previously existed. Design and manufacturing are the synthetic part of engineering practice. Manufacturer has received a lot of attention recently for very good economic reasons. Distributed energy should have proper return in form of money to meet of cost of production, transmission and distribution to fix rate for consuming energy, we have to count energy utilized. As well electrical utilities, like any other heavy industries, have greatly increased the familiarity with sophisticated electronics in recent years. Significant changes are taking place in the electric energy industry worldwide. Many development came in this field to find how we can measure this energy effectively. First of all came conventional disc type energy meter in this interaction of flux produced by current coil and pressure coil create mechanical counter attached to spindle to which rotating disc is attached. Many times it becomes necessary to find out the energy consumption consumed by our house appliances we use. The project â€Å"ADVANCED ENERGY METER† prepared by us can be used to find out how much electricity appliances in our house are using and how much they cost to run. INTRODUCTION If we want to save power and reduce costs, we need to know how much power each appliance uses over a period of time. Most appliances don’t run all the time, so we need to know the power they use while they are actually running and how much they use over the longer term. The easiest way to determine that is to use an electronic power meter and this new Energy Meter fits the bill nicely. It displays the measured power in Watts, the elapsed time and the total energy usage in kWh. In addition, it can show the energy cost in rupees. As a bonus, it also includes comprehensive brownout protection. One obvious use for this unit it to show refrigerator running costs over a set period of time, so that we can quickly determine the effect of different thermostat settings. Alternatively, it could be used to show the difference in energy consumption between the summer months and the winter months. If we have a solar power installation, this unit will prove invaluable. It will quickly allow us to determine which appliances are the most power hungry, so that we can adjust our energy usage patterns to suit the capacity of the installation. And there are lots of other uses – for example, the unit could be used to determine the cost of pumping water, the running costs of an aquarium or even the cost of keeping our TV set on standby power, so that it can be switched on via the remote control. LITERATURE REVIEW Energy Meter:- An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or machine. Problem Definition Standby power The cost of standby power is something that most people never think about. However, there are lots of appliances in your home that continuously consume power 24 hours a day, even when they are supposedly switched off. These appliances include TV sets, VCRs, DVD players, Hi-fi equipment and cable and satellite TV receivers. They remain on standby so that they are ready to power up in response to a command from the remote control. By using the Energy Meter, you can quickly monitor these devices and find out which are the energy wasters. Perhaps when you learn the results, you will be persuaded to turn some of these devices off at the wall or even do away with them altogether! Brownout protection A bonus feature of the Energy Meter is the inclusion of brownout protection. This means that, when it’s not being used to check energy consumption, the unit can be used to provide brownout protection for a selected appliance. Basically, a brownout occurs when the mains voltage goes low (ie, much lower than the nominal 240VAC) due to a supply fault. This can cause problems because motor-driven appliances (eg, washing machines, air-conditioners, dryers, refrigerators, freezers and pumps) can be damaged by a low mains supply. If the supply voltage is low, the motor can fail to start (or stall if it’s already running) and that in turn can cause the windings to overheat and burn out. In operation, the Energy meter can switch off power to an appliance during a brownout and restore power when the power is returned to normal. Types of meter 1) Electromechanical induction meter:- 2) Mechanical electricity meter:- 3)Three-phase electromechanical induction meter:- 4) Solid state electricity meter:- BLOCK DIAGRAM Specifications ? Wattage resolution | 0. 01W| Maximum wattage reading | 3750. 00W| ? Kilowatt hour resolution | 1Wh (0. 001kWh)| ? Maximum kWh reading | 99999. 999kWh| ? Cost/kWh resolution | 0. 1 Ru. | ? Maximum cost/kWh reading | 9999. 99| ? Cost/kWh setting from | 0-25. 5 Rs| ? Timer resolution | 0. 1h (6 minutes)| ? Maximum timer value | 9999. 9h| ? Timer accuracy (uncalibrated) typically |  ±0. 07%| ? Maximum load current | 10A (15A surge)| ? Reading linearity | 0. 1% over a 1000:1 range| ? Frequency range of measurement | 40Hz to 1kHz| ? Battery current drain during back-up | 10mA| Accuracy | Depends on calibration (error can be 0. 5%)| ? Accuracy drift with temperature | 0. 002%/ °C| ? Brownout voltage detection accuracy after calibration |  ±2%| ? Brownout return delay | 18-24 minutes| ? Wattage calibration adjustment | 0. 0244% of reading per step ( ±2048 steps)| ? Zero Offset adjustment | 0. 12% of reading per step| ? Current monitoring resistance | 1% tolerance, 20ppm/ °C coefficient| CIRCUIT DIAGRAM COMPONENT DESCRIPTION IC ADE7756AN The ADE7756 is a high-accuracy electrical power measurement IC with a serial interface and a pulse output. The ADE7756 incorporates two second-order sigma-delta ADCs, reference circuitry, temperature sensor, and all the signal processing required to perform active power and energy measurement. FEATURES * High Accuracy, Less than 0. 1% Error over a Dynamic Range of 1000 to 1 * An On-Chip User Programmable Threshold for Line Voltage SAG Detection and PSU Supervisory * The ADE7756 Supplies Sampled Waveform Data (20 Bits) and Active Energy (40 Bits) * Digital Power, Phase and Input Offset Calibration, On-Chip Temperature sensor,Compatible Serial Interface * A Timeline of the Revolutionary War EssaySimilarly, for AC (alternating current) supplies (eg, 240V mains), the instantaneous power delivered to a load is obtained by multiplying the instantaneous current and voltage values together. However, that’s not the end of the story when it comes to average power consumption, as we shall see. Fig. 1: this graph shows the voltage (V) and current (I) waveforms in phase with each other. Note that the instantaneous power is always positive for this case. Fig. 1 shows a typical situation where the current and voltage waveforms are both sinewaves and are in phase with each other (ie, they both pass through zero at the same time). In this case, the instantaneous power waveform is always positive and remains above zero. That’s because when we multiply the positive-going voltage and current signals, we get a positive result. Similarly, we also get a positive value when we multiply the negative-going voltage and current signals together. The average (or real) power is represented by the dotted line and can be obtained by filtering the signal to obtain the DC component. In the case of in-phase voltage and current waveforms, it can also be obtained by measuring both the voltage and the current with a meter and multiplying the two values together. For example, the voltage shown in Fig. 1 is a 240V RMS AC waveform and this has a peak value of 339V. The current shown is 10A RMS with a peak value of 14. 4A. Multiplying the two RMS values together gives 2400W, which is the average power in the load. Note that, in this case, the power value is the same whether we average the instantaneous power signal or multiply the RMS values of the voltage and current. Multimeters are calibrated to measure the RMS value of a sinewave, so if a sinewave has a peak value of 339V, the meter will read the voltage as 240V (ie, 0. 7071 of the peak value). For non-sinusoidal waveforms, only a true RMS meter will give the correct voltage and current readings. RMS is shorthand for root mean square, which describes how the value is mathematically calculated. In practice, the RMS value is equivalent to the corresponding DC value. This means, for example, that if we apply 1A RMS to a 1? load, the power dissipation will be 1W – exactly the same as if we had applied a 1A DC current to the load. The waveforms in Fig. 1 are typical of a load that is purely resistive, where the current is exactly in phase with the voltage. Such loads include electric light bulbs and electric radiators. By contrast, capacitive and inductive loads result in out-of-phase voltage and current waveforms. If the load is capacitive, the current will lead the voltage. Alternatively, if the load is inductive, the current will lag the voltage. Inductive loads include motors and fluorescent lamps. The amount that the current leads or lags the voltage is called the power factor – it is equal to 1 when the current and voltage are in phase, reducing to 0 by the time the current is 90 ° out of phase with the voltage. Calculating the power factor is easy – it’s simply the cosine of the phase angle (ie, cosf). Lagging current Fig. 2 shows the resulting waveforms when the current lags the voltage by 45 °. In this case, the resulting instantaneous power curve has a proportion of its total below the zero line. This effectively lowers the average power, since we have to subtract the negative portion of the curve from the positive portion. Fig. 2: Diagram showing what happens when the current lags the voltage by 45 °. In this case, the resulting instantaneous power curve has a proportion of its total below the zero line, effectively lowering the average power. And that’s where the problems start. If we now measure the voltage (240V) and current (10A) using a multimeter and then multiply these values together, we will obtain 2400W just as before when the two waveforms were in phase. Clearly, this figure is no longer correct and the true power is, in fact, much lower, at 1697W. This discrepancy arises because the power factor wasn’t considered. To correct for this, we have to multiply our figure of 2400W by the power factor (ie, cos45 ° = 0. 7071). So the true power is 2400 x 0. 7071 = 1697W. These calculations become even more interesting when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 ° as shown in Fig. – ie, we have a power factor of 0. In this case, the voltage and current waveforms still measure 240V and 10A respectively when using a multimeter but the power dissipation is now zero. This is because the same amount of instantaneous power is both above and below the zero line. This means that even though there is 10A of current flowing, it does not deliver power to the load. FLOW-CHART Features * Displays power in Watts * Displays energy usage in kWh * Displays measurement period in hours * Displays energy cost * Brownout detection and power switching LCD module shows several readings simultaneously * Calibration for power, offset and phase * Adjustment of Ru. /kWh for cost reading * Adjustment of brownout voltage threshold, calibration, hysteresis ; duration. * Optional delayed return of power after brownout is restored to normal voltage CONCLUSION Intelligent energy meter is nothing but meter made up of electronic component which do not contain any mechanical or moving part so that we can reduce mechanical losses which are very common in conventional energy meter, also we have control action in this meter with the help microcontroller. This intelligent energy meter is microcontroller based. The logic behind the meter is to find out the electricity consumption of our house appliances. This energy meter is constructed with so many features like displaying the power in watts, display energy uses in kWh, displays measurement period in hours, displays energy cost etc. REFERENCES 1) www. myke. com 2) http://www. analog. com/ 3) http://Design–NET. com